Leg 1 - Daniel Costa
University of California, Santa Cruz
(408) 459-2786
costa@biology.ucsc.edu

Leg 2 - Ralph Stephen
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
(508) 289-2583
rstephen@whoi.edu

Leg 3 - Marcia McNutt
WHOI-MIT
(508) 289-3543
mmcnutt@whoi.edu

Richard VonHerzen
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
(508) 289-2465
rvonh@whoi.edu

Leg 4 - Luis Tupas
University of Hawaii
(808) 956-3311
ltupas@iniki.soest.hawaii.edu


Leg 5 Transit & Peter Lonsdale
Scripps Institution of Oceanography
(619) 534-2855

Leg 6 - Tim Cowles
Oregon State University
(541) 737-3966
tcowles@oce.orst.edu

Leg 7 -Richard Barber
Duke University Marine Laboratory
(919) 728-2111
rbarber@acpub.duke.edu

Leg 8 - Kenneth Coale
Moss Landing Marine Laboratory
(408) 755-8671
coale@mlml.calstate.edu

Leg 9 - Wilford Gardner
Texas A & M University
(409) 845-3928
wgardner@astra.tamu.edu

SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY CONTACTS

Robert A. Knox                                 (619) 534-4729
Assoc. Director, Shipboard Operations and       email:  rknox@ucsd.edu
Marine Technical Support

Captain Tom Althouse                           (619) 534-1643
Marine Superintendent, Nimitz Marine Facility	email:  capt@mpl.ucsd.edu

Christian de Moustier                          (619) 534-1784
Scientific Advisor to Shipboard                 email:  cpm@mpl.ucsd.edu
Technical Support Services
SEA BEAM information contact

Woody Sutherland                               (619) 534-4425
Manager, Shipboard Technical                    email:  woodys@odf.ucsd.edu
Support Services

Stu Smith                                      (619) 534-1898
Head, Geological Data Center                    email:  ssmith@ucsd.edu

Ron Moe                                        (619) 534-6054
Head, Shipboard Computer Group                  email:  rmoe@ucsd.edu

Bob Wilson                                     (619) 534-1632
Head, Resident Marine Technician Group          email:  restech@sdsioa.ucsd.edu

Rose Dufour                                    (619) 534-2841
Elizabeth Rios                                  email:  shipsked@ucsd.edu
Ship Schedulers	

Preface

We are planning to continue a four-year sequence of Bioacoustical Oceanography summer courses held at the University of California, Santa Cruz. These courses are held to train graduate students and postdoctoral investigators from around the world in the principles of bioacoustical oceanography. A primary goal of the courses is to provide students with a broad understanding of the acoustic tools and techniques required to address fundamental questions pertaining to the distribution and behavior of marine mammals, their prey field, and their physical/ chemical environment. By bringing together many of the top researchers in bioacoustics, bioacoustical oceanography, and marine mammal biology, much needed cross-disciplinary exchange is achieved. The students have the unique opportunity to work side by side with active scientists using state-of-the-art tools and techniques. The courses also act as a research magnet, attracting scientists to conduct their own research in a creative teaching environment that will catalyze future interactions across disciplines.

Two types of courses are offered in alternate years. The first type serves as an overall introduction to the field of bioacoustical oceanography. This type of course was offered in August 1995 and will be offered again in August 1997. The second type provides more advanced students with an opportunity to gain additional, first-hand experience in experimental laboratory and field research. This type of course will be offered in August 1996 and again in August 1998. The format for this latter type of course is based on teaching units that we call Advanced Training Modules (ATMs). An ATM is a two-week teaching unit in which students participate in group projects on a particular research topic. During the two weeks, students will attend orientation lectures by course faculty members, work with faculty members to design and execute laboratory and/or field experiments, analyze experimental results, and prepare short oral and written reports on their findings. Written reports will be included in the annual report for each course. The annual report for last year's course can be found on the World Wide Web at the following URL: http://www.cse.ucsc.edu/~marga/bio.html.

The course planned for 1997 will follow the same general format as the 1995 course. During that course, 30 students participated in the first, two-week session of lectures, seminars, and demonstrations. Of these 30 students, 18 participated in the second, two-week session of research modules. For the 1997 course, only a single group of 15 students will be invited to participate for credit in both sessions. The first session will cover the same lecture subjects, although updated, as were covered during 1995. The research modules during the second session of 1997 will be similar to those conducted during 1995 (Table 1).

Table 1. Research Modules for the 1995 Course.

1. Experimental studies of acoustic backscattering from Antarctic krill

2. Passive acoustic localization and tracking of marine mammals

3. Acoustic studies of cetaceans foraging in their 3-D prey environment

4. Acoustic modeling explorations of the forward and inverse problems

The course planned for 1998 will follow the ATM format. We plan to invite 15 advanced students for a four-week, five credit-hour course. These students will be expected to have had adequate training in bioacoustical oceanography prior to the course. This means that they will have either participated in a previous course (1993, 1995, 1996, 1997) or that they can document a comparable level of experience in their application materials. Each invited student will participate in two ATMs of his or her choice. The proposed ATMs for the 1998 course are listed in Table 2.

Table 2. Proposed Advanced Training Modules for the 1998 Course

1. Laboratory experimental studies of acoustic backscattering from Monterey Bay zooplankton

2. Passive acoustic localization and tracking of marine mammals

3. Acoustic studies of cetaceans foraging in their 3-D prey environment

4. Effects of Monterey Bay Canyon topography on zooplankton sound- scattering layers

5. Dolphin biosonar

The Bioacoustical Oceanography courses planned for 1997 and1998 will have fifteen core faculty members (Table 3). These faculty members will be responsible for the lectures as well as the supervision of the research modules and ATMs.

Table 3. Faculty Members and Their Areas of Expertise.

Dr. Chris Clark (Cornell) - Marine mammal bioacoustics
Dr. Dan Costa (UCSC) - Marine mammal physiological ecology
Dr. Don Croll (UCSC) - Marine mammal and seabird ecology
Dr. Adam Frankel (Cornell) - Marine mammal bioacoustics and behavior
Dr. Kurt Fristrup (Cornell) - Marine mammal bioacoustics and behavior
Dr. Chuck Greene (Cornell) - Bioacoustical oceanography
Dr. Jim Harvey (Moss Landing) - Marine mammal behavioral ecology
Dr. Jules Jaffe (SIO) - Acoustical oceanography
Dr. Khosrow Lashkari (MBARI) - Acoustical oceanography
Dr. Duncan McGehee (WHOI) - Acoustical oceanography
Dr. Dave Mellinger (Cornell) - Marine mammal bioacoustics
Dr. Pat Moore (NOSC) - Marine mammal behavior, biosonar
Dr. Tim Stanton (WHOI) - Acoustical oceanography
Dr. Peter Wiebe (WHOI) - Bioacoustical oceanography
Dr. Terrie Williams (UCSC) - Marine mammal physiological ecology

SHIPTIME JUSTIFICATION

We plan to use the RV Revelle in conjunction with the RV John Martin (Moss Landing) to study blue whales as they move onto their foraging grounds on the edge of the Monterey Bay submarine canyon. The RV Revelle will be used 1.) to deploy a moored, multi-frequency, active acoustic spar buoy (BIOSPAR) over the canyon, 2.) to deploy a moored, passive hydrophone array adjacent to the canyon, and 3.) to tow a mile-long, passive hydrophone array in the vicinity of the canyon. The BIOSPAR will be moored in a location on the edge of the canyon wall where blue whales are known to visit during their foraging bouts on zooplankton sound-scattering layers (SSL's). This will enable us to collect a time series of data on the behavior of these SSL's. Both passive arrays will be used to detect and track blue whales as they move into the area. The RV Martin will be used to map the 3-dimensional prey field of the foraging blue whales with a hull-mounted, multi-frequency echo sounder. We also are planning to place acoustic transponders on the whales to allow us to track their foraging behavior in the context of their 3-dimensional prey field.

Project Summary

We propose to carry out geophysical surveys at the H2O observatory site between California and Hawaii to ensure that the already funded H2O observatory will be located in a region where it will be possible to drill a deep crustal hole in the future.

The Hawaii 2 Submarine Cable system is a retired AT&T telephone cable system between San Luis Obispo, California and Makaha, on Oahu, Hawaii. A program is underway to terminate the Hawaii-2 cable approximately half-way between Hawaii and California and to install a junction box to which oceanographic instrumentation can be attached. This will provide the capability to acquire continuous data in real time from a site on the deep ocean floor. There are many types of measurements that can utilize such a facility. One particular application is the installation of a broadband seismic station for teleseismic studies and regional studies of earthquake activity in the eastern North Pacific and California. In addition, the H2O site is located on crust which formed at a "very high" spreading rate (70mm/yr half-rate) and geophysical surveys at the site (for example, basement morphology) will constrain models of crustal formation and evolution.

A proposal has been submitted to JOIDES to drill a hole into basement at the H2O site for the installation of a high quality broadband borehole seismic system. However at a recent workshop it was recognized that the site also had many of the attributes of a deep crustal penetration hole in fast spreading crust. Both the marine broadband seismology and the ocean lithosphere communities would be well served by drilling at the H2O site. A site survey is necessary at H2O to ensure that the site will be suitable for future drilling. If a site survey is not carried out there is the possibility that the cable termination will occur over an area where deep drilling will be impossible (for example, an area with very thin sediment cover) or will be difficult and expensive (for example over a rubble zone or a region of highly weathered and unconsolidated basalt). Ideally, to accomplish objective 1) requires locating the cable to within a few tens of meters in about a 10x20km area and obtaining basement morphology at two levels of resolution, 10x20km area and 10X2km area, using surface reflection and deep tow sub-bottom profiling, respectively. However because of funding constraints we are proposing a minimal program consisting of SEA BEAM bathymetry, single channel surface reflection profiling and dredging of outcrops.

We propose acquiring data on an already scheduled transit of the R/V Revelle between San Diego and Honolulu in summer or fall of 1997 or the winter of 1998. Since the transit would already be scheduled we are merely requesting the ship time and operation costs for two additional days.

Cruise Summary

The cruise schedule is roughly: Underway geophysics along the cable track - San Francisco to Honolulu - 8 days for a normal 12 knot transit, plus allow 1 day to slow down to 8 knots for water gun reflection profiling between 140-143^oW plus one day for dredging and grid profiling at a to-be-determined site.

a) Join the cable track at 140^oW (about 28.8^oN) - 3.5 days (It would be a good idea to acquire SEA BEAM along the whole cable track while in transit. This can be acquired at 12 knots and the cable track is along the transect from San Francisco to Honolulu. SEA BEAM of the whole cable track can be acquired at no additional ship time. However since the data outside of 140^oW-143^oW are not required by the objectives of this proposal we are not requesting funds for the additional coverage.)
b) SEA BEAM and water gun profile at 8 knots to about 143^oW (about 27.3^oN) - about 1 day
c) Somewhere between 140-143^oW dredge up to three selected outcrops (0.5-1.0day)
d) Somewhere between 140-143^oW carry out a detailed geophysical survey at one or two prospective sites along the cable. In a 5x10nm (10x20km) box acquire a reflection profiling survey at 1mile spacing (about 6 - 10nm lines at 8 knots plus rigging and turns - about 1.0-1.5 days)
e) Leave cable track at 143degW for Honolulu - 3 days

(Note: This cruise will not locate the cable. Cable location is based on 1965 navigation of repeater boxes - about 1nm resolution. If bathymetry and sediment thickness vary slowly over length scales of a few kilometers this will not be a problem for locating suitable drill sites near the cable.)

Underway Geophysical Surveys:
- magnetometer
- 3.5KHz profiling
- SEA BEAM (14km swath width in about 4500m water depth)
- single channel seismics

On Station Gear:
- Dredge and Trawl Wire

It has been suspected for some time that marine hydrothermal circulation is responsible for the fact that conductive heat flow in young oceanic lithosphere is significantly less than predicted by theoretical models of thermal cooling of oceanic plates. Heat flow values collected in the past decade from the midplate swells surrounding young hot spot chains have similarly been less than predicted by geophysical models that fit other sorts of data, such as geoid height and subsidence rates. The most dramatic departure from theoretical expectation is a profile across the Hawaiian chain, where heat flow near the peak in the swell is actually less than the off-swell mean. The most anomalous points from the Hawaiian swell were recorded in the flexural moat, a submarine sedimentary basin that was rapidly filled with volcaniclastic debris eroded from the Hawaiian volcanoes. The purpose of this expedition is to investigate to what extent fluid circulation in this large sedimentary basin is responsible for perturbing conductive thermal gradients. We plan to collect 2 transects of finely-sampled heat flow observations across the northern limb of the Hawaiian moat, one near Oahu and the other near French Frigate Shoals. We will use these data to constrain finite-element models of fluid circulation in archipelagic aprons and its temporal evolution as the moat fills and subsides. Ancillary data to be collected in support of the data reduction and modeling effort include single-channel seismic data, underway gravity data, SEA BEAM bathymetry, and piston cores.

Cruise Plan

August 22 Depart Oahu

August 25 Arrive French Frigate Shoals, deploy seismic gear
Total distance ~ 550 nm

August 26 Complete survey Line 1 with seismic, gravity, SEA BEAM
Length of line ~167 nm

September 2 Complete heat flow survey of Line 1 (~100 measurements)

September 4 Complete 4 cores along Line 1

September 7 Arrive at start of Line 2 near Oahu
Total distance ~ 550 nm

September 8 Complete survey Line 2 with seismic, gravity, SEA BEAM
Length of line ~167 nm

September 15 Complete heat flow survey of Line 2 (~100 measurements)

September 18 Complete 4 cores along Line 2

September 18 Return to port at Oahu

TOTAL of 28 days at sea.

We have chosen to survey the French Frigate Shoals line first. This will give the scientific personnel 3 days of transit time to familiarize the watch standers with their duties and 4 days to prepare the heat flow instrumentation for the first deployment. The alternative of surveying the Oahu line first would result in only a few hours to prepare the watchstanders and only a day to get heat flow equiment ready.

To optimize ship control during heat flow work, we want to start the survey of each line at the upwind end of the line. The heat flow work will then begin at the downwind end of the line.

It may save time to intersperse the cores with the heat flow measurements. We will discuss with the Res Tech whether this is feasible since the core winch will be needed for both operations.

Figure 1. White lines show locations of proposed heat flow profiles across the Hawaiian moat. Based both on bathymetry and altimetric gravity (not shown here), we expect the physical structure of the moat to be similar along the two profiles, except that the age of the sedimentary basin is 10 m.y. older along profile 2.

Seismic Data Collection

The sound source for the seismic reflection profiling will be a 6-airgun, tuned array with the maximum volume available on the R/V Revelle, which is approximately 2000 cu inches. The shots will be received on an AMG seismic streamer with 2 active sections. We will digitally record all seismic data. During the moat profiling, ship speed will be kept to 8 knots or less for better data quality. At this speed, each line requires about 20 hours to complete. We only anticipate about 2 days of seismic data acquisition.

Gravity Data Collection

We will be installing a NAVO Bell BGM-3 gravimeter on the R/V Revelle for this expedition. The gravimeter will be shipped directly to Honolulu. Mr. Randall Herr from the Naval Oceanographic Office at Stennis Space Center in Mississippi will perform the installation. The gravimeter will be installed on mounts as close to the center point of the ship as possible. We will provide the mounts, based on a design used on the R/V Knorr last year.

Other equipment that we will be providing for using the gravimeter include a PC and a buffer to interface the BGM-3 with the PC. The buffer will either be fabricated by Dan Fornari at WHOI or borrowed from Robin Bell at Lamont. The PC will be DOS-based (no windows) and have a serial port. It needs a hard drive with about 50 Mbytes of available space to log the data. If possible, we would like to link this dedicated PC to the real-time computer which is logging the science data.

The gravimeter will be continuously operated during the expedition.

3.5 kHz Data Collection

We will be running the 3.5 kHz profiler during all heat flow and coring operations to look for areas blanketed with sufficient sediment for sinking the probe and core. It would also be a benefit to run the 3.5 while conducting the single-channel seismic surveys of the two lines, such that heat flow and core sites can be selected in advance.

SEA BEAM Data Collection

We have budgeted for 4 days of SEA BEAM operation in "basic mode" and 24 days in "dataless mode". The 4 days in "basic mode" will be collected while surveying the two lines with the seismic equipment. SEA BEAM will be continuously running in "dataless mode" during all other times for positioning the ship with respect to our survey data.

Heat Flow Data Collection

The heat flow data will be collected along the two profiles using the pogo method [Von Herzen et al., 1989]. Each deployment of the heat flow instrument lasts 36 to 48 hours. After taking a measurement at one location, the instrument is lifted above the seafloor while the ship slowly steams 1 to 2 km to the next site. Each measurement takes about 20 minutes, and it takes about 1 hour to move the ship. Therefore 20 to 30 heat flow measurements may be obtained without having to recover the heat flow instrument.

In order to achieve full and vertical probe penetration, as required for high quality geothermal measurements, we will be using 100 m/min lowering speeds during the last 50-100 m before penetration. During other times, a winch speed of 75-80 m/min is required to complete the 200 heat flow stations.

Our deepest sites are at a depth of approximately 5000 m. It is highly desireable to have 10,000 m of winch cable aboard the ship. In that case, if the wire parts at the seafloor, we will still be able to complete all of our scientific objectives without having to return to port for more winch cable.

Expedition Personnel

Marcia McNutt       MIT                                 Chief Scientist
Dick Von Herzen     WHOI                                Senior Scientist
Grant Garven	    Johns Hopkins                       Senior Scientist
Alain Bonneville    Universite Francaise du Pacifique	Senior Scientist
John Sclater	    SIO	                                Senior Scientist
Seiichi Nagihara    U-Houston                           Senior Scientist
Jim Kirklin 	    WHOI                                Heat flow technician
John Hallinan       WHOI                                Heat flow technician
George Pelletier    WHOI                                Heat flow technician
Rob Harris          U-Miami                             Post Doc
Kelsey Jordahl      MIT-WHOI                            Graduate Student
Jennifer Georgen    MIT-WHOI                            Graduate Student
Robyn Kelly         MIT-WHOI                            Graduate Student
Linda Rasmussen     MIT-WHOI                            Graduate Student
Rebecca Lattier	    U. Southampton (U.K.)               Undergraduate Student

We will be standing 3 shifts of 4-hour watches coordinated with those of the ship's crew. At least one senior scientist will be on call at all times to answer questions from the bridge and assist with over-the-side operations.

1.0. Summary of Scientific Objectives

The objective of the cruise is to maintain collection of hydrographic and biogeochemical data at the Hawaii Ocean Time-series (HOT) stations; Station 2 (ALOHA) and Station 8 (HALE ALOHA). CTD casts at approximately 3 hour intervals will be conducted while at station to collect continuous profiles of physical and optical parameters. Water samples will be collected at discrete depths for biogeochemical measurements. The ship is requested to remain on station during this sampling period. A free-drifting array will be deployed for 12 hours on September 22 for a primary production experiment. The ship is requested to stay with the array during this period. After operations at Station ALOHA are accomplished, the ship shall proceed to a position near the HALE ALOHA mooring to conduct a CTD cast before returning to Snug Harbor. A plankton net will be deployed near noon and midnight while at Station ALOHA. A profiling reflectance radiometer (PRR) will be deployed and retrieved around noon at Station ALOHA.

2.0. SCIENCE PERSONNEL (TENTATIVE)

David Karl - UH Professor
Roger Lukas - UH Professor
Christopher Winn - UH Assistant Researcher
Luis Tupas - UH Assistant Specialist
Dale Hebel - UH Assistant Specialist
Daniel Sadler - UH Research Associate
Lance Fujieki - UH Research Associate
Karin Bjorkman - UH Research Associate
Ursula Magaard - UH Research Associate
Terrence Houlihan - UH Research Associate
Patrick Driscoll - UH Research Associate
Fernando Santiago-Mandujano - UH Research Associate
Craig Nosse - UH Research Associate
Stephanie Christensen - UH Research Associate
Stuart Donachie - UH Post-doctoral Researcher
Albert Calbet - UH Post-doctoral Researcher
Angie Thomson-Bulldis - UH Graduate Student
Christopher Carrillo - UH Graduate Student

3.0. GENERAL SHIP SCHEDULE

Loading of equipment shall take place on Saturday, September 20, 1997. All science personnel shall be on hand to load the ship. Ship will depart Snug Harbor on Sunday, September 21, 1997 at 0900. All science personnel should be on-board by 0830. The ship is expected to return to Snug Harbor on Tuesday, September 23, 1997 at 0800. Off-loading shall proceed immediately. We expect to complete off-loading by 1200.

4.0. DETAILED OPERATIONAL PLANS

4.1. Station ALOHA (22^o45'N, 158^oW with 6 nautical mile radius).

4.1.1. Water column measurements

Vertical profiles of temperature, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, flash fluorescence and beam transmission will be made with an instrument package consisting of a Seabird CTD and flash fluorometer attached to a 24 place rosette with 12 liter sampling bottles. We need the ships CTD winch for this operation. Water samples for biogeochemical measurements will also be collected on each cast. The series of casts shall be made approximately every 2.5-3 hours (see schedule). The last cast shall be made to the near bottom (approximately 4800 m) We request the ship to maintain position within the study area for that period of time.

4.1.2. Plankton net tows

A plankton net will be deployed from the stern and shall be towed for half-hour periods. Half-hour periods are scheduled at around noon and midnight while at station. Use of a capstan to deploy the towing rope and a crane or A-frame to hold the block will be needed.

4.1.3. Primary production experiment

A water cast using 8 Go-Flo bottles on a kevlar line will be made at 0100 on September 22 from the starboard side. Water from this cast will be used for a primary production experiment. Before sunrise the free drifting array for incubating the experiment will be deployed from the starboard side. We request the use of the starboard crane for these operations. The array is equipped with a strobe light and a radio transmitter (channel 72, 156.625 MHz). The ship shall keep within site of the array while performing CTD operations for the approximately 12 hour duration the array will be in the water. The array will be recovered just at sunset. All radioactive waste generated by the experiment shall be returned to the University of Hawaii. Only authorized personnel shall handle radioactive material.

4.1.4. Profiling Reflectance Radiometer (PRR)

Around noon while at Station ALOHA, a profiling reflectance radiometer will be deployed and retrieved from the main deck starboard side using the port side crane and the winch.

4.2. Station HALE ALOHA (22^o27.5'N, 158^o7.9'W)

HALE ALOHA is a full-ocean depth Meteorological and Biogeochemical mooring located at approximately 22^o27.5'N, 158^o7.9'W. A CTD cast to 1000 m will be made at a safe distance from the surface tower. After all operations have been satisfactorily accomplished, the ship will proceed to Snug Harbor.

5.0 EQUIPMENT

5.1 The HOT science party shall be bringing the following:

1. Seabird CTD system, all sensors, deck boxes and computer CTD acquisition systems.
2. 24-place rosette with 12-l water sampling bottles, all spare parts
3. One laboratory van with assorted equipment for radioisotope and general use
4. One storage van with assorted equipment.
5. pCO2 equipment with compressed gas cylinders
6. Kevlar line, polypropylene line
7. Go-Flo bottles and teflon messengers
8. Drifting primary production array with light, radio transmitter, floats, weights
9. Optical sensors
10. Electric winch (440 VAC, 3 phase at 10 amps)
11. Oxygen titration system
12. Plankton nets and towing lines
13. Desktop and laptop personal computers
14. Assorted tools
15. All required sampling bottles
16. All required chemicals and isotopes
17. Liquid nitrogen in dewers
18. UV-VIS spectrophotometer
19. Lead weights
20. Large vacuum waste container
21. Radioactive waste containers
22. Vacuum pumps, water pumps
23. Distilled water
24. Freeze safes and coolers
25. Deck incubators

5.2. We will need the use of the following ship's equipment:

1. Starboard side crane
2. Stern A-frame
3. CTD winch with conducting wire at least 6000 meters long
4. Electric power for winches and vans
5. Radio direction finder
6. Cold and Freezer Rooms
7. Space on the main deck for laboratory van and winches
8. Running fresh water and seawater on main deck
9. Hand-held VHF transceivers
10. Precision depth recorder
11. Shackles, sheaves, hooks and lines
12. Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler
13. Capstan
14. Grappling hooks and line
15. Storage space

Our main objectives are to describe the deformation of the upper surface of the downgoing slab by SEA BEAM mapping of fault scarps and tilted crust, to establish the distribution and source mechanisms of outer slope earthquakes, and to exploit the large scarps produced by outer-slope deformation as sites for sampling about-to-be subducted crust.

We would like to taking advantage of the known Revelle schedule, having our seismometers operate throughout the scheduled 4 months JGOFS operation (off New Zealand), and retrieving them during a 30 day leg that would also do SEA BEAM mapping and rock dredging when Revelle returns after the 1997/98 austral summer.

We believe that being able to use this low-cost method of achieving a long OBS deployment will greatly enhance the likelihood that NSF will fund our revised proposal, as well as providing us and our students with results 6 months earlier that would otherwise be possible. What we seek from the committee is a positive response to the request of our first paragraph, in the form of a letter that could be included in our proposal. Granting of this request should be contingent on the success of our proposal, whose fate should be known by June or July.

The U.S. JGOFS (Joint Global Ocean Flux Study): Antarctic Environment and Southern Ocean Process Study (AESOPS) program involves a series of 11 research cruises (7 aboard the R/V N.B. Palmer and 4 aboard the R/V Roger Revelle) studying a range of topics related to biogeochemical cycles, but with a focus on the role of the Southern Ocean in the global carbon cycle. Principal geographic areas in which AESOPS research will take place include the Ross Sea and the Antarctic Polar Front Zone at approximately 57^oS to 63^oS along 170^oW.

The principal geographic area of JGOFS/AESOPS research to be conducted aboard the Roger Revelle lies along the north-south transect at 170 degrees west, from 57 degrees S to 63 degrees S, well outside of the New Zealand EEZ. However, a number of investigators within the program wish to collect additional samples and data while the ship is underway into and out of port.

The scheduled dates of the JGOFS/AESOPS cruises are:

Cruise                  Dates                   Chief Scientist

Survey I	20 Oct - 24 Nov, 97	Tim Cowles, Oregon State Univ.
Process I	30 Nov - 03 Jan, 98	Dick Barber, Duke Univ.
Survey II	08 Jan - 08 Feb, 98	Kenneth Coale, Moss Landing Marine Lab
Process II	13 Feb - 19 Mar, 98	Wilf Gardner, Texas A&M

The types of instrumental data to be collected within the New Zealand EEZ during the 4 AESOPS cruises mentioned above include:

a) underway meteorology;
b) underway sea surface temperature and salinity;
c) underway fluorescence;
d) total carbon dioxide content of surface sea water and of air;
e) partial pressure of carbon dioxide in surface sea water and air;
f) concentration of oxygen in the atmosphere.
g) SEA BEAM bathymetry

a) samples of particulate matter filtered from surface sea water, to be analyzed for organic carbon content, and for the stable carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of the organic matter;
b) samples of sea water to be analyzed for nutrient concentration (nitrate, phosphate and silicate) and for the nitrogen isotopic composition of nitrate;
c) samples of sea water to be analyzed for the carbon isotopic composition of total dissolved carbon dioxide; and
d) samples of seawater to be analyzed for determination of dissolved organic carbon concentration.

Email: shipsked@ucsd.edu

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